The essence of magnetism
1. the origin of material magnetism
If the magnet is an electromagnetic vortex, a magnet, and does not see any electromagnetic vortex, why is there magnetic?
our answer is: the magnetic properties of matter originate from the motion of electrons in the atom, and the motion of electrons produces a vortex of electromagnetic ether. As early as 1820, the Danish scientist Oster discovered the magnetic effect of electric current. For the first time, it revealed the connection between magnetism and electricity, thus linking electricity and magnetism. To explain the phenomenon of permanent magnets and magnetization, Ampere proposed a molecular current hypothesis. Ampere believes that there is a ring current in the molecule of any substance, called molecular current, and the molecular current is equivalent to a elementary magnet. When the substance does not have magnetism at the macroscopic level, the orientations of these molecular currents are irregular, and the magnetic effects generated by the outside cancel each other out, so that the entire object is not magnetic. Under the action of an external magnetic field, each molecular current equivalent to the elementary magnet will tend to be oriented in the direction of the external magnetic field, causing the object to exhibit magnetism. There is an essential connection between magnetic phenomena and electrical phenomena. The magnetic properties of matter and the structure of electrons are closely related. Ullenbeck and Goldsmith first proposed the concept of electron spin, which is to think of electrons as a charged ball. They think that, similar to the movement of the earth around the sun, electrons run around the nucleus on the one hand, and there is a corresponding orbit. The angular momentum and the orbital magnetic moment, on the other hand, rotate around their own axis, with spin angular momentum and corresponding spin magnetic moment. The magnetic moment measured by Stern-Galach from the silver atomic ray experiment is the spin magnetic moment. (Now people think that it is not correct to regard the electron spin as the rotation of the ball around its own axis.) The rotation of the electron around the nucleus in a circular orbit and the spin motion around itself will produce a whirl of electromagnetic ether to form magnetism. Common magnetic moments are used to describe magnetism. Therefore, electrons have a magnetic moment, which consists of the orbital magnetic moment of the electron and the spin magnetic moment. In the crystal, the orbital magnetic moment of electrons is affected by the crystal lattice, its direction is changed, and a joint magnetic moment cannot be formed, and there is no magnetic effect externally. Therefore, the magnetic properties of matter are not caused by the orbital magnetic moment of electrons, but mainly by the spin magnetic moment. The approximate value of each electron spin magnetic moment is equal to one Bohr magnet. Is the unit of atomic magnetic moment, . Because the nucleus is about 2000 times heavier than electrons, and its motion speed is only a few thousandth of the electron velocity, the magnetic moment of the nucleus is only a few thousandth of the electron, which is negligible. The magnetic moment of an isolated atom is determined by the structure of the atom. If there is an unfilled electron shell in an atom, the electron spin magnetic moment is not cancelled, and the atom has a "permanent magnetic moment." For example, an iron atom has an atomic number of 26 and a total of 26 electrons. Except for one of the five orbitals, two electrons (spin antiparallel) must be filled, and the other four orbitals have only one electron, and these electrons The spin directions are parallel, whereby the total electron spin magnetic moment is 4.